Movie Analysis Noirs - 2620 Words

Film noirs are unique because the viewer experiences the film in a special type of way that is different from typical comedy, romantic, or action films where a person actually sympathizes with the character and hopes everything turns out well for the people in the end. Film noirs focus on themes such as doom, darkness, death, and failure. The characters in film noirs are usually flawed and unlikable, as they act hopeless and unexcitable even when things are going well or as planned. Additionally, the characters lack a hopeful future and usually spend their time narrating about their past that led them to their imminent doom. In typical Hollywood films, the viewer expects the film to have a happy ending. However, film noirs are unconventional in that the ending is almost never satisfying. Since film noirs were born in Hollywood, Los Angeles has played a larger role in many film noirs. The city is often the setting of film noirs because its streets, lighting, and buildings often provi de an ideal location to depict the dark themes and unconventional styles that noirs regularly convey. Since many of the films take place in Los Angeles, they usually portray the city in a particular light, expressing ideas about the city that may or may not be true. The term â€Å"film noir† was coined in the mid 1940’s when American films started emerging in Europe, post Nazi occupation. The new Hollywood films were not available in France during Nazi occupation, so in 1946, the films beganShow MoreRelatedEssay on Comparing Movie and Book Versions of Cains Mildred Pierce985 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Movie and Book Versions of Cains Mildred Pierce I pity the screenwriter who had to adapt the novel, Mildred Pierce, from 289 pages down to an hour and 57 minute movie. The main character, Mildred Pierce, repeatedly steps out of the traditional role for women of that era, and challenges society’s norms about class. Significant changes were made to the plot while converting it from book to movie. These changes add up to a significant difference in the meaning. In both the bookRead MoreMovie Analysis: M vs. Bicycle Thieves Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of M and Bicycle Thieves One thing that both movies, M and Bicycle Thieves, share collectively is the open ending; both movies make audiences interpret their own perception or ending of the movies. Also, both movies contain a sense of tragedy in the final scenes; in the movie M, I felt somewhat sympathetic toward the mentally ill killer even though I knew he was the serial killer and might be pretending to get away. The feeling of sympathy toward the serial killer in the presence of hisRead MoreBilly Wilders Double Idemnity1367 Words   |  6 PagesDouble Indemnity - Scene Analysis Billy Wilder’s Double Indemnity is one of the best representatives of the film noir era in Hollywood as it contains all the main characteristics of the genre. The general darkness present throughout the movie is embodied in the plot which reveals the moral bankruptcy of the main characters. It is also present in the mise-en-scene choices such as the dark costumes and modest lighting with the great emphasis on shadows (Allyn 1978, p. 117). The main character’sRead MoreL.a Confidential Film Noir Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThe Key Conventions Of Film Noir In L.A Confidential L.A Confidential (Curtis Hanson, 1997) is a neo-noir film about a shooting at an all night diner and the three Las Angeles policeman who investigate in their own unique ways. It is based on the book by James Ellroy and after a very well adapted screenplay, won nine academy awards. It starred actors with big names like Russell Crowe, Guy Pearce and Danny Devito, which made it a very high earning film. The Narrative or storyline is muchRead MoreHistorical Analysis of the Movie, Citizen Kane Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pages Historical Analysis, Citizen Kane: Camera Movement Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles, was an exemplary and ground-breaking work. In narrative structure and film style, Welles challenged classical Hollywood conventions and opened a path for experimentation in the later 1940s. Gregg Toland’s deep-focus cinematography and Welles’ use of low-key lighting are often discussed aspects of the movie. True, these were areas of innovation, but when watching the movie in class I was particularlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Double Indemnity1052 Words   |  5 PagesIndemnity is a film noir directed by Billy Wilder in 1944, and it was based on the novel of the same name â€Å"Double Indemnity† which was published in 1943. This film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, but it did not win any prize. Double Indemnity is a story about the crime of Phyllis and Neff. Phyllis plans to kill her husband to receive the claim of an accident insurance and Neff set up a scheme to get twice the amount of a clause. Although a classic â₠¬Å"femme fatale† of the noir era, Phyllis wouldRead MoreBlade Runner Film Analysis800 Words   |  4 PagesBlade Runner: Film Analysis and Critics Review Blade Runner (1982), directed by Ridley Scott, combines the element, film noir and science fiction, thus creating a outstanding visual aesthetic that has been embraced by most critics. Based on Philip K. Dick’s novel, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968), many critics embraced this sci- fi film, although it leaves out a majority of the novel’s plot and themes while scenes are modified significantly. The plot follows police officer Rick DeckardRead MoreAmerican Film Noir For Present Day1829 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Film Noir Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation American Film Noir There have been several debates over a long period of time concerning the validity of film noir as a distinct genre. Essays and books have debated the term for years using various criteria and rubrics to back up their respective positions on the subject. As the 21st century brings new and creative trends from screenwriting to post-production and everything in between, the boundaries of noir become even lessRead More The Big Sleep: Movie vs. Novel Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Big Sleep: Movie vs. Novel      Ã‚  Ã‚   Film and literature are two media forms that are so closely related, that we often forget there is a distinction between them. We often just view the movie as an extension of the book because most movies are based on novels or short stories. Because we are accustomed to this sequence of production, first the novel, then the motion picture, we often find ourselves making value judgments about a movie, based upon our feelings on the novel. It is thisRead MoreAnalysis of the Movie Out of the Past2576 Words   |  11 PagesThe movie Out of the Past directed by Jacques Tourneur fits within the traditions of film noir because it has some similar themes associated with it, such as doomed love. Robert Mitchum plays the doomed, double-crossed , ex-private eye as Jeff Markham. The femme fatale is played by Jane Greer as Kathie Moffat, who is trying to escape her future. Kirk Douglas as Whit Sterling plays the ruthless gangster czar in the film. The formal cinematic elements in the movie are used to vividly describe the movie

Cleopatra as a Historical Figure Essay - 2549 Words

Cleopatra as a Historical Figure In hieroglyphs, the name reads â€Å"Kleopadra†. It is a name which in Greek means â€Å"Glory of Her Race† (Weigall, 44). It is a name belonging to a woman who has transcended the boundaries of time so that we may know her story. What better way to describe Cleopatra, the last Queen of Egypt, Ruler of the Nile, sent from the Gods themselves to lead her people, than â€Å"Glory of Her Race†? Cleopatra, the last ruling descendant of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, has arguably unparalleled fame as a female historical figure. Yet we must ask ourselves: why? What is it about this individual that strikes us as so intriguing that we, like the Elizabethans before us, centuries ago, like the Romans two millennia past, should†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare’s play, Antony and Cleopatra, shows this juxtaposition of the East and West as well, especially through the characters in the play. The opulence and sensuality of the East is personified by Cleopatra, whereas the moral solidity and observance of duty is beheld in Octavius. Mark Antony is torn between the two ideals, his duty as a Roman, and his obvious desire to indulge in the hedonistic way of the East. This exoticness of Cleopatra leads to a general view of her, both by the Egyptian and Roman populace, as having an other-worldliness quality about, a strange mysticism. This is reinforced by Cleopatra’s constant referral of herself as Isis, one of the more powerful Egyptian goddesses. Cleopatra is said to â€Å"†¦have attired herself†¦that which was supposed†¦ to have been worn by the mother-deity Isis† (Weigall, 45). By identifying herself with a goddess, Cleopatra is merely continuing the custom that the Pharaohs of old used to practice. Isis, whose Latin epithet, Stella Maris, means â€Å"Star Of The Sea,† is of particular importance to Cleopatra not only because she is an extremely strong, religious image of feminine power, but she is also often depicted as a personification of the throne itself, thusShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Tales Galore Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Cleopatra came out in 1963, it was running on the budget of $44 mil lion ($297 in 2007 dollars). The movie follows Cleopatra VII, last queen and monarch of Ancient Egypt from 48 BCE (allying with Caesar) to her suicide in 31 BCE. Cleopatra was born in 69 BCE to Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother and she would later inherit the throne along with her brother Ptolemy XIII when her father died in 51 BCE. 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The main written accounts of the couple come primarily from Roman writers, therefore are largely based on the cultural, political and possibly personal beliefs of the individuals who wrote them. An important similarity between the two passages would be that both were originally ‘written in the early part of the second century CE, more than 150 years after theRead MoreThe Status And Perception Of Women928 Words   |  4 Pagessocietal views of women, and were ultimately depicted. Scholarship on Cleopatra and Queen Elizabeth I relays the idea that society and patriarchy led to their respective authorities and depictions. Mary Hamer, author of Signs of Cleopatra, a historical research text, investigates Cleopatra’s cultural significance from her earliest representations in her own time to her status as a symbol in modern times. In the chapter, â€Å"Cleopatra: housewife,† she discusses Cleopatra’s image between the fourteenthRead MorePostmodern Art in Andy Warhol ´s Silvier Liz as Cleopatra1194 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Silver Liz as Cleopatra.† Andy Warhol’s rendition of Elizabeth Taylor are prime examples of the shift in art history that Benjamin refers to as the value of this particular piece is based upon its mass production, and appropriation of iconic images and people. â€Å"Silver Liz as Cleopatra† is a piece completed by Warhol in 1963 and is currently on display at the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto. This specific painting portrays actress Elizabeth Taylor as the lead role of Cleopatra, the highest grossingRead MoreWhat Do the Representations of Cleopatra in Film and on Television (as Shown on the Dvd Video ‘Cleopatra’) Tell Us About How Her Reputation Changed over Time? Discuss with Reference to Two or Three Representations.1195 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1 What do the representations of Cleopatra in film and on television (as shown on the DVD video ‘Cleopatra’) tell us about how her reputation changed over time? Discuss with reference to two or three representations. The name Cleopatra invokes a striking image in your mind. The Egyptian queen who took on the might of Rome. The way we see Cleopatra’s character changes in the way she has been depicted in movies and television across the years. With each different portrayal she reflectsRead MoreMovie Review Cleopatra2277 Words   |  10 PagesMovie Review of â€Å"Cleopatra† The legendary story of Cleopatra has endured for over two thousand years. Joseph L. Mankiewicz’s 1963 epic movie, â€Å"Cleopatra†, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richtard Burton depicts the end of Ancient Egypt’s Ptolemaic dynasty with the fall of Cleopatra. Cleopatra was in fact the last of the great the pharaohs of Egypt and it can be said that she was as famous as Elizabeth Taylor who had been chosen to portray the fascinating ruler. Cleopatra was an intelligentRead MoreAnalysis paper Cleopatra1797 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Analysis of CLEOPATRA LIFE: STACY SCHIFF ANTHONY EVERITT: THE LIFE OF ROME’S FIRST EMPEROR AUGUSTUS ANDREA OVERFIELD: THE HUMAN RECORD SOURCES OF GLOBAL HISTORY, VOLUME1 By Susana E Andrade Professor Lorenz History 4A, Sec. 1985 May 2, 2013 1. Based on your selected book, very briefly describe the scope and focus of your historian work, then, state the historian’s thesis/core argument and sub-thesis. Stacy Schiff in Cleopatra: A life present a wellRead MoreOctavian, Anthony and Cleopatra: Propaganda and the ‘Myth of Actium1095 Words   |  5 PagesWorkshop 1 Octavian, Anthony and Cleopatra: Propaganda and the ‘Myth of Actium The creation and subsequent sustaining of the ‘Myth of Actium is one of the greatest examples of the use of mass propaganda in the ancient world. While scholars such as Murray question the impact that the re-instigation of games at Nikopolis and the extension of the temple of Apollo at Actium would have on the political situation in Rome, its emergence, however, seems to have occurred around 20 BC, a time at whichRead More The Role of Female African American Sculptors in the Harlem Renaissance1689 Words   |  7 Pagesartists would only portray subjects from ancient mythology or Biblical figures, but she chose to represent ethnic and humanitarian subject matter instead. Her marble sculpture, The Death of Cleopatra, was absolutely remarkable. It is by far her most ambitious piece because it has a lot of underlying meaning to it. Lewis was so successful with her sculpture of Cleopatra because she related to the issues surrounding her. Cleopatra undoubtedly held a different meaning to Lewis than did to her other

Public Service Charter Republic of South Africa

Question: Describe about the Public Service Charter: Republic of South Africa? Answer: Service charters are intended to be a tool for improving public services but to some they are meaningless rhetoric Introduction The recent times have witnessed public service charters occupying a distinct position in the public management reforms of several countries. Although the reasons for having these service charters may differ from one country to the other, the epicenter for the instigation of charter policies is identical. The purpose is to improve the responsiveness and transparency of public services by passing out in a principled way the standards of delivery that service users should legitimately expect (Teicher, 2002, pp.385-389). The other factor is the shared emphasis on an "administrative charter" format. Despite the tone of its language with the other existing constitutional charters, the public service charters do not grant legal rights, enforceable in the court of law. The service charter gives a clear line of the values and principles governing the conduct of public servants employed by the state. It is a show of commitment of the government employees to the state by upholding the said values and principles in service rendering to the ultimate citizens. Scholars have outlined the word charter differently since it is found in the domain of rules and codes designed to control the ethical behavior of public officials. Though some of them possess statutory force, others amount to little or more than a code of public service values. The civil service implements them as a commitment to the public, the existing government and to a professional public service (Clarke et al, 2007, pp.28-31). Issues relating to service charters However, countries instigating service charters directed at influencing the quality of service delivery to its citizenry have experienced numerous challenges. The existing government workforce is controlled by acts of corruption that in turn negatively affect efficiency and effectiveness to its population. It has therefore been termed as a meaningless rhetoric due to its lack of sincerity (Ancarani, 2005, pp. 9-15). Even under such circumstances, these forms of charters have served an integrative role for the improvement of the delivery of public services and also improved the accountability towards the citizenry. The paper bases its case using a developing African country. Africa has been marred by rampant corruption and poor resource utilization for the benefit of majorly the political class. It has in turn rendered their citizens poor, until the recent intervention of the United Nations and some concerned developed countries (Bovens, 2005, p.19). South Africa being one of the top economies in Africa and the world as a whole has made considerable steps in creating efficiency in service delivery. The Public Service Coordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC) which represents the state as the employer and the public servants had designed the service charter (Service Charter: Republic of South Africa, 2013, p.3 ). The mission of the state is to address issues and needs of the majority of its citizenry, especially those historically disadvantaged by the apartheid regime. It is hence, mounted on affirmation of the country's commitment to uphold the principles and ideologies of public administration as per the constitution. According to Shah, (2006, p.13), an appropriate charter should incorporate all the relevant parties of the state and be in line with the legislative rule, meant to improve the livelihood of its citizens. Service Charters in South Africa The South African Charter upholds the constitutional responsibility in an articulate manner as enshrined in the Bill of rights, on citizenry service delivery. The role is diverse in the sense that it holistically complements the state as the employer, its employees, and any party falling within the scope of PSCBC. An effective charter directly reflects the economic status of the country, due to minimum availability of loopholes and the continued commitment to provide for their citizens. It is objectively mounted on enhanced accountability by providing citizens with a clear understanding of service delivery standards which includes timetables, user fees for services and options for grievance redress. The charter increases organizational effectiveness and performance by making a public commitment to adhere to measurable service delivery standards. In addition, it creates a way for both internal and external actors to monitor the service delivery performance objectively as well as promotes a more professional and client-responsive environment for the provision of services. Through this, it fuels staff morale and minimizes on opportunities for corruption and graft by increasing transparency and educating citizens about their rights. Moreover, it increases government revenues by ensuring that the money taxpayers payment for services go to the government (and not into employees' pockets) (Service Charter: Republic of South Africa, 2013, p.4; Pollitt Bouckaert, 2003, pp. 89-96). Lane (2005, pp.120-128) describes an efficient public service charter as one, which enhances accountability of service providers to their clients by providing adequate and reliable information. Citizens get a clear understanding of the standards to be met in service delivery, including time schedules, the required fees for services and appropriate gateways to grievances redress. South Africa has clearly defined its stand on the standards to be met in service delivery. The service delivery clients are encouraged to serve citizens swiftly and politely at every service delivery points. It is meant to achieve their vision of enhanced citizen-client level of satisfaction, to match those of the private sector. The country is of the opinion that citizens need to develop trust in their government in improving their social well-being. The clients are encouraged to provide friendly and helpful services, which serve to benefit the ultimate consumers. If a service is obsolete to the user, then they will lack the satisfaction derived from them. Service providers are further encouraged to assist service users so that they make the right choices while accessing services. The good choice limits the risk of legal actions if efforts go wrong in one way or another. It also reduces the risk of losses made out ignorance on the side of the service partakers. They should promote appropriate signage and information desks in their centers of service provision. It is meant to ensure reliability and promptness of service delivery, since citizens will have a clear direction on whom to approach, depending on the type of service they need. They are encouraged to respond to queries and complaints to remove the stereotype of associated with government offices. Government departments tend to take time in acting on some questions due to the excessive procedures in order to provide the ultimate service to its citizens (Service Charter: Republic of South Africa, 2013, p.4; Newman, 2002, pp.34-38). The Government and state officials commit to the public as per the legislative acts to adhere to the measurable service delivery standards. It hence increases the effectiveness and performance, which is an absolute benefit to the public (Shah Schacter, 2004, pp.89-96). The commitments by the state as an employer within the South African public service are protected under Section 23 of the Constitution, the Labor Relations Act and other relevant labor legislations. The charter ascribes to the provision of a facilitating environment, within the accessible resources, for the state officials to carry out their duties. If the state officials fail to render the required services, due to lack of or inadequacy of the required resource, then it would make the system inefficient and ineffective. He charter comes handy to aid the government in ensuring adequate and timely allocation of the necessary resources within its institutions to promote effective service delivery. The state commits to the employer by facilitating"a rewards and recognition system commensurate with the values and principles of the charter that focuses on individuals and teams" (services charter republic of South Africa 2013 , p.5). The reward system comes in the form of fair salaries, awards and individual accreditations, which motivate employees towards the goal of providing adequate service delivery. The State commits to the provision of contemporary and original policies and systems for the purposes of delivery of services. For instance, the execution of ICT policies and programs to support and improve services delivery. It is essential to place such governance systems that utilize the management of resources, risk management, and audit management adequately. Further procedures and formalities related to access and delivery of services is made simpler in order to practice service delivery improvement programs, such as the introduction of systems and processes which facilitate access of citizens to government services (Benton, 2002, pp.74-79). National accountability and integrity systems are to be introduced which is aimed at promoting value-based societal behavior and attitudes to counter corruption. To create awareness public servants have the right to form associations or trade unions or any such similar groups that is according to the laws of the country. Further public servants have the right to indulge in collective bargaining. Finally, political party memberships should not be used as criteria for appointing any person in the public service (Benton, 2002, p.76; Cameron, 2004, pp.110-116). The public is committed to serving the public in a neutral and fair manner so as to build assurance in them. They are encouraged not to discriminate unfairly against any member of the public because based on some form of disability or disadvantage. The charter calls for honesty and accountability in the process of dealing with public funds and the utilization of the property of the civil service and other resources successfully, proficiently, and only for authorized official purposes. They should display honesty and admiration for laws, values and recognized codes of conduct in the performance of their official duties. Critical Analysis The charter creates an avenue for both internal and external actors, to impartially supervise the service delivery performance. Charters provide the appropriate systems and legal channels, for clear and efficient communication of grievances. The channels create an effective environment for the proper instigation of the monitoring processes. Monitoring weighs against benchmarked standards, to be able to draw conclusions and ascertain the achievement of the predetermined principles. The internal actors rely on the external feedback for shortcomings in order to improve the total performance. The public charter outlines the procedures and the formalities in receiving and resolving grievances from the public domain. The approach used in solving them ultimately improves service delivery since they provide room for small improvements. It will in turn accredit the role played by charters in increasing efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery (Bovens, 2005, pp.81-86). In South Africa, the charter directs people in following the Batho Pele Principles, which call for full information concerning the public services to which they are entitled. They should be conversant of the standard and class of public service they will obtain for them to be aware of the expectations. The citizens are encouraged to comment on the standards of public services that they receive and, wherever possible not considering any of the choice of the services offered. Citizens are well-versed on manner in which the national and state departments run and the authorities in charge. The charter provides an efficient public relations system for effective communication in case the standards are not delivered to the expectations (Bovaird Lffler, 2009, p.90). Van Thiel Leeuw (2002, p.102) asserts that the charter plays a vital role in minimizing on opportunities for corruption and graft by increasing transparency and educating citizens about their rights. Majority of the African countries as compared to the developed ones have experienced cases of graft on public resources. The instigation charters have proved beneficial in ensuring the minimization of reduced utilization. Public charters have come handy in providing guidelines on efficient use of public resources. It is upon state citizens to ensure protection of the available resources. The charters have further improved the resource utilization procedures by providing legal measures to public servants who embezzle funds for personal gains. They provide state agencies in charge of resource, which analyze and interpret resource utilization in order to ascertain if the resources have been put into their appropriate usage. The South African charter has provided numerous possibilities to enhance effective resource usage. It recognizes that the public are the primary taxpayers, and they are directly affected by the policies and procedures instigated by the government (Van Thiel Leeuw, 2002, pp.132-136). The country has established agencies and committees, who have the power to ascertain the use of public resources and annual reports published for public scrutiny. In all state departments, the government allocates budgeted resources, and proper financial information systems are used to keep track of the resource usage. State officials in charge of the public resources are held personally accountable as per the Constitution in cases of misuse. Further, it increases government revenues by ensuring that the money citizens pay for services goes into the government's coffers. It is an aspect of accountability where residents pay for services in public bodies yet they do not reach the state treasury. It is due to lack of proper procedures to shield the corrupt state officers from misuse of public resources. Absence of proper policies on effective revenue collection has led to deficits in tax revenues to the government. The formulation of public charters provides the procedures through which the government can enhance revenue collection. The South African government has distributed its state agencies into reasonable units to ensure close supervision by state officials. The government calls for proper recording of resource utilization by citizens to enhance accountability. Conclusion Briefly, the inception of public service charters has proved beneficial in improving accountability and improved service delivery. The charters follow an appropriate structure such that they meet public, concerning resource utilization. The South African government has improved its resource utilization mechanisms by ensuring the state, its employees and all the concerned parties are committed to ensuring effective resource utilization. It has proved profitable since it has significantly minimized cases of corruption and poor resource utilization within the country. Reference List Ancarani, A. (2005). Towards quality e-service in the public sector: The evolution of websites in the local public service sector. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 15(1), 6-23.. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alessandro_Ancarani/publication/235307489_Towards_quality_eservice_in_the_public_sector_The_evolution_of_web_sites_in_the_local_public_service_sector/links/02e7e51f7c23adb97b000000.pdf [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Benton, J. E. (2002). County service delivery: does government structure matter?. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 471-479. [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0033-3352.00192/abstract. [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Bovaird, T., Lffler, E. (Eds.). (2009). Public management and governance. [online] Available at:https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=wjuz75AiVWQCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=Bvaird,+T.,+%26+L%C3%B6ffler,+E.+%28Eds.%29.+%282009%29.+Public+management+and+governanceots=87HAdtC1Fjsig=rJxYFnljy_BAGHfH0fOOweopBvsredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Cameron, W. (2004). Public accountability: Effectiveness, equity, ethics. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 63(4), 59-67. [online] Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14678500.2004.00402.x/abstract [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Clarke, J., Newman, J., Smith, N., Vidler, E., Westmarland, L. (2007). Creating citizen consumers: Changing publics and changing public services. Pine Forge Press. [online] Available at: books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=oCYIkWKY9FUCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=Clarke,+J.,+Newman,+J.,+Smith,+N.,+Vidler,+E.,+%26+Westmarland,+L.+(2007).+Creating+citizen%09consumers:+Changing+publics+and+changing+public+services.+Pine+Forge+Pressots=_dIlk25UJisig=abGltngQzyWqd_jfO4d8WlfQKqE [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Lane, J. E. (2005). Public administration and public management: the principal-agentperspective. Taylor Francis. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=oCYIkWKY9FUCoi=fndpg=PP2dq=Clarke,+J.,+Newman,+J.,+Smith,+N.,+Vidler,+E.,+%26+Westmarland,+L.+%282007%29.+Creating+citizen%09consumers:+Changing+publics+and+changing+public+services.+Pine+Forge+Pressots=_dIlk25UJisig=abGltngQzyWqd_jfO4d8WlfQKqEredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Newman, J. (2002). The New Public Management, modernization and institutional change. New public management: current trends and future prospects, 77-91. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=5mYv_ihreGYCoi=fndpg=PA77dq=Newman,+J.+%282002%29.+The+New+Public+Management,+modernization+and+institutional+change.+New%09public+management:+current+trends+and+future+prospets,+7791.ots=gELC5Ly5rBsig=NKyROr8bIR7tED8eHKU6K7zwUtIredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false[Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Pollitt, C., Bouckaert, G. (2003). Evaluating public management reforms: an international perspective. Evaluation in Public-Sector Reform. Concepts and Practice in International Perspective. Cheltenham, 12-35. [online] Availableat:https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=enlr=id=e8bsrrWlaCwCoi=fndpg=PA12dq=Pollitt,+C.,+%26+Bouckaert,+G.+%282003%29.+Evaluating+public+management+reforms:+an+international%09perspective.+Evaluation+in+Public-Sector+Reform.+Concepts+and+Practice+in+International%09Perspective.+Cheltenham,+12-35.ots=bkFrbV8kaRsig=PLDTohz0PY-boBYkt261Dz8JaHcredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false[Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Service Charter: Republic of South Africa. (2013). [online] Available at: https://www.dpsa.gov.za/documents/PUBLIC%20SERVICE%20CHARTER%202013.pd [Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Shah, A. (2006). Corruption and decentralized public governance. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (3824). [online] Available at:https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/8805/wps3824.pdf?sequence=1[Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Shah, A., Schacter, M. (2004). Combating corruption: look before you leap. Finance and Development, 41(4), 40-43. [online] Available at:https://www.12iacc.org/archivos/WS_6.2_CLIFF_ANWAR_SHAH_AND_MARK_SCHACTER.PDF[Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Taylor Francis.Bovens, M. A. (2005). Public accountability. [online] Available at: https://www.utwente.nl/nig/research/archive/2009/Papers/panel13paperkoop.pdf[Accessed 19 Mar. 2015]. Teicher, J., Hughes, O., Dow, N. (2002). E-government: a new route to public sector quality. 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The Problem Of Global Warming Essays - Climate Change,

The Problem Of Global Warming The Problem of Global Warming First discovered at the turn of the century by the Swedish scientist Arrhenius, global warming was initially thought to only cause increased greenhouse gases from coal combustion emissions. It wasn't until fifty years later that the real causes and effects of global warming would be discovered. A British scientist by the name of Calendar correlated the 10% increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide between 1850 and 1940 with the observed warming of northern Europe and North America, which began in the 1880's. As for the cause of global warming, scientists generally believe that both the combustion of fossil fuels and other human activities are the primary reason for the increased concentration of carbon dioxide. Human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas contribute heavily to global warming. Other major causes include deforestation, methane gas emissions, and the release of nitrous oxide chemicals into the atmosphere. The gasses are released primarily by rice cult ivation, cattle and livestock populations, gas pipelines, and landfills. Deforestation is a big problem as far as global warming because trees remove Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere, but release large quantities when burned. Methane gas emissions contribute because they are trapped in the earth's atmosphere and reflect light, which is usually released in a clean, healthy atmosphere. The energy burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories is responsible for about eighty percent of society's carbon dioxide emissions, about twenty-five percent of U.S. methane emissions, and about twenty percent of global nitrous oxide emissions. The evidence of global warming has been a care and concern of many over the past couple of decades. Along with this increase in the global heat index, predicted to occur within the next half century are dangerously high levels of pollution and added water in global waters, increased pestilence and disease, large quantities of killed fish due to polluted waters, and the entire depletion of many global ecosystems. Although it seems far off for us, the ecological and economic impact on future generations could be catastrophic. Plant respiration and the decomposition of such organic matter release more than ten times the Carbon Dioxide than is released by human activities. The earth is only equipped to deal with the Carbon Dioxide that is a result of photosynthesis, and any amount left gets recirculated in the atmosphere and collects, which has led to the destruction of the Ozone layer of the atmosphere. What has changed in the last few hundred years is the additional release of carbon d ioxide by human activities. Global warming will also have a drastic impact on the fish population and other aquatic species in two senses. Oceans and lakes around the world may become too warm for the fish that currently inhabit those areas, and at the same time warmer temperatures may also enable fish in cold waters to grow more rapidly. Adding to that effect, the pollution in the water as a result of lowered oxygen levels and lower water levels overall to wash out the pollutants. The result of these two detrimental impacts is the eventual population drop and possible extinction of many aquatic species. And if the drastic temperature fluctuation in the water doesn't devastate the fish population, the pollution content will. Salinity levels in the oceans are expected to drop to alarming levels, as is average water level. This should be among the top concerns of global governments, but they feel that since it does not impact human life directly, it is not as important. A major question on the minds of top governmental officials around the world is if the problem is on a large enough scale to be considered a national security problem. According to top researchers, the answer is yes. Global warming is predicted to change climates so drastically that future storms will be less frequent, but much more severe, costly, and devastating to those that are hit. A current example can be seen in the wake of Hurricane Floyd where hundreds of thousands of livestock were killed by floods and are now decomposing out in the open. As a result, widespread disease and infestations are predicted to occur